Being inclusive across cultural and ethnic differences

challenge for public services in European societies that host large immigrant communities and that are facing new immigration flows. Concurrently, welfare states are changing, and often, as in the Netherlands, an active role for citizens, as well as partnerships between government, professional expertise and civil society are deemed crucial for the welfare state’s survival. If the ideal of citizen responsibilization is to be realised in a manner that is also inclusive, this requires European societies to engage with ‘difference’ in a way that departs from seeing immigrants and refugees primarily as vulnerable groups in need of help and as lacking the resources to fully contribute to host societies.